- (Topic 2)

indicate all such statements.
A)
B)
C)

1. A. Option A
2. B. Option B
3. C. Option C

Correct Answer: ABC

- (Topic 3)
The geographer held a (i) _____ view of the succession of theoretical trends (environmental determinism, spatial determinism, and various types of critical theory) in her field, maintaining that theory can (n) _____ what is transpiring in a complex environment by focusing excessively on the favored schemes and variables of the moment.

1. A. self-contradictory
2. B. sanguine
3. C. deprecatory
4. D. exacerbate
5. E. obfuscate
6. F. magnify

Correct Answer: CE

- (Topic 3)
Recent research has questioned the long-standing view of pearly mussels as exclusively suspension feeders (animals that strain suspended particles from water) that subsist on phytoplankton (mostly algae). Early studies of mussel feeding were based on analyses of gut contents, a method that has three weaknesses. First, material in mucus-bound gut contents is difficult to identify and quantify. Second, material found in the gut may pass undigested out of the mussel, not contributing to its nutrition. Finally, examination of gut contents offers limited insight into the mechanisms and behaviors by which mussels acquire food. Modem studies suggest that pearly mussels feed on more than just algae and may use other means than suspension feeding. Pedal feeding (sweeping up edible material with a muscular structure called the foot) has been observed in juvenile pearly mussels.
Besides the phytoplankton pearly mussels capture from the water column, their guts also contain small animals, protozoans, and detritus (nonliving particulate organic material). Recent studies show that mussels can capture and assimilate bacteria as well, a potentially important source of food in many fresh waters. Another potential source of food for mussels is dissolved organic matter. Early studies showing that pearly mussels could take up simple organic compounds were largely discounted because such labile (unstable) compounds are rarely abundant in nature. Nevertheless, recent work on other bivalves suggests that dissolved organic matter may be a significant source of nutrition.
Of this complex mix of materials that pearly mussels acquire, what is actually required and assimilated? Stable-isotope analyses of mussels taken from nature and of captive-reared mussels are beginning to offer some insight into this question. Nichols and Garling showed that pearly mussels in a small river were omnivorous, subsisting mainly on particles less than 2S micrometers in diameter, including algae, detritus, and bacteria. Bacterially derived carbon was apparently the primary source of soft-tissue carbon. However, bacteria alone cannot support mussel growth, because they lack the necessary long-chain fatty acids and sterols and are deficient in some amino acids. Bacteria may supplement other food resources, provide growth factors, or be the primary food In habitats such as headwater streams, where phytoplankton is scarce. Juvenile mussels have been most successfully reared m the laboratory on diets containing algae high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, it appears that the pearly mussel diet in nature may consist of algae, bacteria, detritus, and small animals and that at least some algae and bacteria may be required as a source of essential biochemicals.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the research findings of Nichols and Garling?

1. A. They are based on analyses of gut contents of pearly mussels.
2. B. They suggest that pearly mussels are unable to assimilate bacteria.
3. C. They demonstrate the importance to pearly mussels of long-chain fatty acids.
4. D. They contradict the long-standing view mentioned at the beginning of the passage.
5. E. They shed light on a puzzling phenomenon detailed in the second paragraph.

Correct Answer: D

- (Topic 2)

1. A. Quantity A is greater.
2. B. Quantity B is greater.
3. C. The two quantities are equal.
4. D. The relationship cannot lie determined from the information given.

Correct Answer: C

- (Topic 3)
Economists use two competing models to describe the effects of commercial advertising—advertising as market competition and advertising as market power. The market competition model holds that the fundamental function of advertising is to provide information about products and brands. It is argued that information in ads permits greater marketplace efficiencies, such as lower prices and reduced monopoly power. In a similar vein, much discussion regarding political advertising has rested on its informational value Does political advertising provide political information and help voters make informed decisions'1 Nelson argues that promoting bars of soap in commercial ads is no different than promoting political ideas ideology from political candidates in political ads. on the grounds that information is being distributed m both cases. Others, such as Ferguson and Jamieson, disagree with Nelson's proposition Ferguson, for example, pointed out that choosing a political candidate is more like buying an experience good (where the quality is hard to evaluate prior to purchase) rather than a search good (where the quality is easily evaluated before the purchase). According to Ferguson, claims in political ads do not have true informational value, because it is difficult for voters to draw inferences about the future deeds of a candidate from what the ads say Furthermore. Jamieson argues that political ads reshape the public image of political candidates and change voters' feelings about the candidates with subtle emotional cues but without substantive information upon which to base a reasoned judgment
Which of the following statements, if true, would most clearly weaken Nelson's argument as it is presented in the passage?

1. A. Political advertisements that make false claims are subject to rebuttal by political advertisements for opposing candidates.
2. B. Most producers of political advertisements work directly for the political campaigns of the candidates the advertisements promote.
3. C. Soap advertisements typically rely on evocative images that do not relate to the effectiveness of the product being advertised.
4. D. Advertisements for familiar products, such as bars of soap, are evaluated more critically by audiences than are advertisements for less familiar products.
5. E. Voter disappointment in the candidates that they elect is analogous to the disappointment consumers of familiar products sometimes experience.

Correct Answer: D